Latin-script The Latin script, also known as Roman script, is an alphabetic writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greece, Greek city of Cumae, in southe ...

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ger ...

words are transcribed into Cyrillic-script languages according to rules based on pronunciation. Because

German orthography German orthography is the orthography used in writing the German language, which is largely phonemic. However, it shows many instances of spellings that are historic or analogous to other spellings rather than phonemic. The pronunciation of alm ...

is largely phonemic, transcription into Cyrillic follows relatively simple rules.

Russian and Bulgarian

The standard rules for

orthographic transcription Orthographic transcription is a transcription method that employs the standard spelling system of each target language.Hayes, Bruce (2011)Introductory Phonology John Wiley & Sons; , 9781444360134. "The term orthographic transcription simply means t ...

into

Russian Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: *Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...

were developed by Rudzhero S. Giliarevski ( ru) and Boris A. Starostin ( ru) in 1969 for various languages;Гиляревский Р. С., Старостин Б. А., ''Иностранные имена и названия в русском тексте: Справочник'' (М.: Международные отношения, 1969), pages 113—123. they have been revised by later scholars including D. I. Ermolovich ( ru) and I. S. Alexeyeva ( ru). The established spellings of a few names which were already common before this time sometimes deviates from these rules; for example, the ''Ludwig'' is traditionally ''Людвиг'' (including in placenames), with ''ю'' instead of ''у''. It was also historically common to render personal names into their Russian forms or cognates, rather than strictly transliterating them, as with ''Peter'' being rendered as '' Пётр''. German phonemes which do not exist in Russian are rendered by their closest approximations: the umlauts ''ö'' and ''ü'' are rendered as ''ё'' (yo) and ''ю'' (yu), and ''ä'' and ''e'' are mostly rendered as ''е'' (not ''э''). ''H'' (when not part of a cluster) is now rendered with ''х'' or omitted (when silent); it was historically often rendered with ''г'' (g), as in the name of

Heinrich Heine Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (; born Harry Heine; 13 December 1797 – 17 February 1856) was a German poet, writer and literary critic. He is best known outside Germany for his early lyric poetry, which was set to music in the form of '' Lied ...

(Russian: Генрих Гейне). The Cyrillic letters ''ы'' and ''щ'' are not used.

Sample texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1

References

* Ermolovich, D. I. ( ru), ''Имена собственные на стыке языков и культур''
link2010-12-07 archivepages 1-133
(Moscow, Р. Валент publishing house, 2001, ), ''Таблицы практической транскрипции (транслитерации) с основных европейских языков, пользующихся латиницей, на русский: Немецкий язык'' (Tables of practical transcription (transliteration) from the main European languages, using the Latin alphabet: German language), pages 156-158. * Alexeyeva, I. S. ( ru),
Введение в переводоведение
учеб. пособие для студ. филол. и лингв. фак. высш. учеб. заведений.'' 6th edition (Philological Faculty of St. Petersburg State University; Moscow Publishing Center "Academy"; 2012), Table 2, German-Russian Phonemic Conformity, pages 228-230 (pdf pages 114-115) * Инструкция по русской передаче немецких географических названий (В. С. Широкова; ed. Г. П. Бондарук) (Moscow, Типография издательства «Известия», 1974)

German language {{Cyrillic-alphabet-stub

Russian and Bulgarian

Sample texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1

References

Further reading